Nkibikoresho byingirakamaro mu nganda n’ubwubatsi bugezweho, imiyoboro y’ibyuma ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha n’imirimo itandukanye, ikubiyemo ibice byingenzi kuva kubaka ibikorwa remezo kugeza gukora imashini. Iyi ngingo izatangirana no gusobanura umuyoboro wibanze wibyuma hanyuma ugerageze buhoro buhoro uburyo bwihariye bwo gukoresha, ibiranga tekiniki, ninshingano yibanze mubikorwa bitandukanye.
I. Ibisobanuro no gutondekanya imiyoboro y'ibyuma by'ibanze
Imiyoboro y'ibyuma yibanze muri rusange yerekeza ku byuma bikoreshwa mu gushyigikira ibyubaka, gutanga amazi, cyangwa nk'ibikoresho bya mashini. Byakozwe cyane cyane mubyuma bya karubone, ibyuma bivanze, cyangwa ibyuma bidafite ingese. Ukurikije uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro, birashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: imiyoboro yicyuma idafite icyerekezo hamwe nicyuma gisudira. Imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ikorwa hifashishijwe uburyo bushyushye cyangwa gushushanya bikonje kandi bifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi birwanya umuvuduko. Bikunze gukoreshwa murwego rwo hejuru - umuvuduko wamazi cyangwa ubwubatsi. Imiyoboro y'icyuma isudira ikorwa no gusya no gusudira ibikoresho. Biragereranijwe ni - igiciro kandi gikoreshwa cyane mukutwara - umuvuduko wamazi cyangwa gutwara amakadiri.
Ukurikije uko babishyira mu bikorwa, imiyoboro y'ibanze irashobora kugabanywa mu miyoboro y'ibyuma byubatswe (nko kubaka imiyoboro ya scafolding), amazi atanga imiyoboro y'icyuma (nk'imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze), hamwe no gutunganya imiyoboro y'ibyuma (nk'imiyoboro ya silindari ya hydraulic). Iri tondekanya rigena mu buryo butaziguye guhitamo ibikoresho, gushushanya uburebure bwurukuta, no kuvura hejuru.
II. Ibyingenzi Byibanze byumushinga wibyuma
1. Ubwubatsi nubwubatsi
Mu rwego rwubwubatsi, umuyoboro wibyuma usanzwe ukoreshwa cyane nka scafolding, inkunga yo gukora, hamwe no gushiraho imiterere. Imbaraga zayo nyinshi hamwe no gusudira bituma ihitamo neza kubikorwa byigihe gito cyangwa bihoraho. Kurugero, icyuma - ubwoko bwicyuma cyuma gikoreshwa cyane mumyubakire yo hejuru - kubaka inyubako yishingikiriza kumitwaro - ifite ubushobozi hamwe nogukomera kwicyuma kugirango umutekano wubakwe. Umuyoboro munini - umurambararo wa diametre urakoreshwa no mubikorwa byubwubatsi nkibishingwe byikiraro hamwe ninkunga ya tunnel, bitwara umuvuduko mwinshi wisi hamwe nuburemere bukomeye.
Inganda za peteroli na gaze
Ikoreshwa ryibanze ryumuyoboro wibyuma murwego rwingufu ni hejuru - gutwara amazi. Mu guteza imbere umurima wa peteroli na gaze, sisitemu ndende - sisitemu yimiyoboro iva kumariba kugeza kunganda zishingira hafi ya zose - umuyoboro wibyuma. Ubu bwoko bwicyuma bugomba kuba bwujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa nko kurwanya ruswa (nkibipimo bya API 5L), - birwanya umuvuduko ukabije (kugeza kuri MPa icumi), hamwe nubushyuhe buke - (bikwiranye n’ibidukikije). Mu myaka yashize, hamwe niterambere ryiterambere rya gazi ya shale, imiyoboro yo hejuru - imiyoboro yo gusudira ibyuma byahindutse inzira nyamukuru yo guhuza imiyoboro ya gazi ya shale kubera umusaruro mwinshi hamwe nigiciro gishobora gucungwa.
3. Gukora imashini ninganda zikora imodoka
Mu rwego rwimashini, imiyoboro yibanze yicyuma ikoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo bya hydraulic sisitemu yo kuvoma, gutwara shitingi, hamwe nibice byuzuye. Kurugero, silinderi ya hydraulic mumashini yubwubatsi ikozwe mubukonje - yashushanyije imiyoboro yicyuma itomoye, kandi kurangiza inkuta zabo imbere bigira ingaruka kuburyo butaziguye. Mu gukora amamodoka, ibice nkibikoresho bisohora imiyoboro hamwe na sisitemu ya sisitemu yo kuyobora nabyo bikoresha cyane imiyoboro yicyuma cyangwa ingese, yujuje ibisabwa kugirango irwanye kandi yangirika.
4. Kubungabunga Amazi nubwubatsi bwa Komini
Imiyoboro yo gutanga amazi mumijyi, sisitemu yimyanda, hamwe nimiyoboro irinda umuriro byose bishingiye kumiyoboro yicyuma. Nubwo imiyoboro yicyuma igenda ikundwa cyane, imiyoboro yicyuma ikomeza kuba inzira idasubirwaho yo gukwirakwiza amazi maremare - (nko mu majyepfo - kugeza - Umushinga wo Kuvomera Amajyaruguru) no kurenga imiterere ya geologiya. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, imiyoboro ya - itondekanye imiyoboro y’ibyuma byatsinze ikibazo cy’ingese cy’imiyoboro gakondo kandi byagaragaye ko hari iterambere ryinshi mu mikoreshereze y’amazi ya komine n’amazi.
III. Ibiranga tekinike no gutoranya ingingo z'ingenzi
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byingenzi byerekana imiyoboro yibanze ikubiyemo imbaraga zingana, gutanga umusaruro, kuramba, hamwe ningaruka zikomeye. Kurugero, umuyoboro wibyuma Q235B wubwubatsi ugomba kuba ufite imbaraga zumusaruro urenze cyangwa uhwanye na 235 MPa, mugihe umuyoboro wicyuma wa API 5CT kumurongo wo hanze bisaba ingufu zingaruka zikomeye cyangwa zingana na 40 J kuri dogere -20. Ibyingenzi byingenzi muguhitamo umuyoboro harimo:
Ibintu bidukikije: Umunyu utera umunyu - umuyoboro wibyuma udafite ingese (nka 316L) uhitamo mukarere ka nyanja.
Imiterere yimizigo: Umuyoboro wicyuma kandi ucuramye ugomba gutoranywa kubikorwa bikurikiza imitwaro ifite imbaraga.
Ubukungu: Umuyoboro usanzwe wo gusudira urashobora gukoreshwa kubintu bitari - byingenzi kugirango ugabanye ibiciro.
IV. Imigendekere y'Iterambere ry'ejo hazaza
Hamwe niterambere ryibikoresho siyanse, imiyoboro yibanze yicyuma iratera imbere igana kumikorere yo hejuru kandi ihindagurika. Kurugero, nano - imiyoboro isize ibyuma biteza imbere cyane imyambarire kandi ibereye imashini zicukura. Fibre - imiyoboro ikomatanyirijwe hamwe, ihuza imbaraga nyinshi nuburemere buke, igaragara mubikoresho bishya byingufu. Byongeye kandi, tekinoroji yubukorikori bwa digitale (nka laser - imiyoboro y'icyuma isudira) itera iterambere ryimpinduramatwara mubikorwa byiza no kugenzura ubuziranenge.
Umwanzuro
Kuva ku rufatiro rw'ikirere kugera ku miyoboro ya peteroli na gaze ya transoceanic, imiyoboro y'ibyuma ishingiye ku mikorere ya sosiyete igezweho n'imikorere yabo yizewe. Gusobanukirwa ingano yabyo nibiranga ntabwo aribyingenzi muguhitamo ibikoresho byubuhanga gusa ahubwo nintambwe yingenzi muguteza imbere iterambere ryikoranabuhanga mubikorwa bitandukanye. Hamwe niterambere ryibikoresho bishya hamwe nuburyo bwo gukora, imipaka yo gukoresha imiyoboro yicyuma izakomeza kwaguka.
